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GLUT-1
Glucose transporter 1 (or GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2, is a protein facilitating the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. Several GLUT isoforms have been identified and shown to function in response to insulin and IGF-1 induced signaling. GLUT-1 is detectable in many human tissues including colon, lung, stomach, esophagus, and breast. GLUT-1 is up-regulated in some human cancers from these organs.
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EphA2
Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) is a protein-tyrosine kinase in the ephrin receptor subfamily. EphA2 plays a role for angiogenesis and tumor neovascularization. High levels of EphA2 protein expression can be detected in some tumor cells such as breast carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Inhibition of EphA2 kinase activity is considered for the treatment of various tumors such as RCC and NSCLC.
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Actin-Smooth Muscle (SMA)
Smooth muscle actin-alpha (SMA) is a cytoskeleton protein in smooth muscle cells and their derived tumors such as leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. It is also expressed in myoepithelial cells of the breast and salivary gland, but not in fibroblasts, striated muscle, and myocardium.
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GIV
Girdin (girders of actin filaments), also known as APE and GIV, is a widely expressed cytosolic protein and plays a key modulating role for the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Girdin is membrane-associated and interacts with phosphoinositides. It relocates to cytoplasm where it cross-links actin filaments after its phosphorylation at Ser1417 by Akt. It enhances phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent phosphorylation and kinase activity of AKT1/PKB. It is essential for the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and for cell migration. Four isoforms of Girdin have been reported.
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N-Ras (Q61R)
GTPase N-Ras or N-Ras is a guanine-nucleotide binding protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein-coupled receptors activate Ras, which then stimulates the MAPK signal pathway. Point mutations (Q61R) in Ras prevent the GAP-mediated inhibition of the MAPK pathway in certain cancers such as lung carcinoma and melanoma. Abnormal MAPK signaling may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, resistance to both apoptosis and cancer therapy.
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CD16a
CD16 is a cluster of differentiation found on the surface of natural killer cells, neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), monocytes and macrophages. There are two CD16 isoforms, CD16a and CD16b. CD16a is expressed in monocytes, macrophages and NK cells and CD16b is expressed in neutrophils.
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CD25
Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha, also known as CD25, is a type I transmembrane protein and the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor. CD25 and CD122 form a heterodimer to act as a high-affinity receptor for IL-2. CD25 is expressed on activated T cells, activated B cells, some thymocytes, myeloid precursors, oligodendrocytes, and most B cell neoplasms, some acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, neuroblastomas, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes.
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MAP4K4
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) is a member of stress activated MAP kinase signaling pathway. It directly phosphorylates and activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 families of MAP kinases in response to various stimulating factors. It involves the mediation of TNF-alpha signaling pathway. MAP4K4 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer such as carcinoma of prostate, ovarian, liver, and pancreas.
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Keratin 5
Keratin-5 (CK5) is a basic (type II) polypeptides expressed by squamous cell epithelium, myoepithelial cells of the breast and the basal cells of the prostate. It is expressed in most epithelial mesotheliomas, but not by most pulmonary adenocarcinomas. CK5 along with CK6 is expressed in almost all squamous cell carcinomas, half of transitional cell carcinomas, and many undifferentiated large cell carcinomas.
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CD10
CD10, also known as the Common Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Antigen (CALLA), is a cell surface enzyme with neutral metalloendopeptidase activity. CD10 is a marker for germinal center B cells and is expressed in some B cell leukemia/lymphomas such as chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), lymphoblastic, and Burkitt's lymphomas as well as some carcinomas such as hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma.
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Calponin-1
Calponin-1 is a smooth muscle-specific protein and interacts with actin, calmodulin, troponin C and tropomyosin to regulate smooth muscle contract. It is also expressed by myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts, keratinocytes, nerve fibers, smooth muscle cell tumors such as glomus tumors and myofibrosarcoma, and tissues containing significant amounts of smooth muscle.
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Calponin-1
Calponin-1 is a smooth muscle-specific protein and interacts with actin, calmodulin, troponin C and tropomyosin to regulate smooth muscle contract. It is also expressed by myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts, keratinocytes, nerve fibers, smooth muscle cell tumors such as glomus tumors and myofibrosarcoma, and tissues containing significant amounts of smooth muscle.
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CD13
CD13, also known as aminopeptidase N, participates in the final digestion of peptides from stomach, pancreas, and other organs. It expresses by diverse cell types including small intestinal and tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes and synaptic membranes. It may be involved in the cleavage of antigen peptides, degradation of neurotransmitters, and angiogenesis. It is one of the useful markers for acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoma.
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Cadherin-17
Cadherin-17 (CDH17) is a calcium-dependent, membrane-associated glycoprotein. It is consisted of an extracellular region with 7 cadherin domains and a transmembrane region but lacking the conserved cytoplasmic domain. The protein mainly distributes the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic ducts. The protein is up-regulated in various carcinomas of the digestive system.
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GCDFP-15
Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15), also designated glycoprotein (gp) 17, is a prolactin-induced, secretory, actin-binding protein. GCDFP-15 is primarily expressed in cells with apocrine function such as acinic cells of the breast, salivary glands, sweat glands, and lacrimal glands as well as seminal vesicle.
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CD21
CD21 antigen, also known as complement receptor type 2 (CR2), is a glycoprotein and a receptor for the C3d fragment of complement component 3. It is predominantly expressed in follicular dendritic cells and B lymphocytes. CD21 binds to CD19, and CD81 to form a B cell complex on mature B cells and enhances the B cell response to antigen through C3d.
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CD13
CD13, also known as aminopeptidase N, participates in the final digestion of peptides from stomach, pancreas, and other organs. It expresses by diverse cell types including small intestinal and tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes and synaptic membranes. It may be involved in the cleavage of antigen peptides, degradation of neurotransmitters, and angiogenesis. It is one of the useful markers for acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoma.
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MAGE-A1
Melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-A1) is one of the melanoma associated antigens (MAAs). MAGE-A1 is highly expressed in testis and some human solid tumors such as melanoma, brain tumors of glial origin, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast, gastric, colorectal, ovarian and renal cell carcinomas.
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CD16a
CD16 is a cluster of differentiation found on the surface of natural killer or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) cells, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. There are two CD16 isoform CD16a and CD16b. CD16a is expressed in monocytes, macrophages and NK cells and CD16b is expressed in neutrophils.
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CD35
CD35, also known as complement receptor type 1, is a type I membrane glycoprotein from complement activation (RCA) family. It is expressed by glomerular podocytes, follicular dendritic cells, erythrocytes, and leukocytes (B cells, subset of T cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils). Abnormal expression of this protein has been associated with sarcoidosis, gallbladder carcinomas, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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CD14
Cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on monocytes and macrophages. It cooperates with MD-2 and TLR4 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It is also involved in NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion, the inflammatory response, and up-regulation of cell surface molecules.
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Calponin-1
Calponin-1 is a smooth muscle-specific protein and interacts with actin, calmodulin, troponin C and tropomyosin to regulate smooth muscle contract. It is also expressed by myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts, keratinocytes, nerve fibers, smooth muscle cell tumors such as glomus tumors and myofibrosarcoma, and tissues containing significant amounts of smooth muscle.
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Coagulation Factor XIIIa
Coagulation Factor XIIIa, also known as fibrinoligase and fibrin-stabilizing factor, is the last enzyme in the blood coagulation cascade. It is a Ca2+-dependent transglutaminase in the stabilization of the fibrin clot. Factor XIIIa is expressed in some dendritic cells of placenta, skin, bladder, lung, and diseases with rich dendritic cells such as dermatofibroma, psoriasis, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
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